5 Tips for Determining Planting Dates
May 02, 2023
1. Monitor soil moisture.
When evaluating whether a field is ready for planting, the first thing you should consider is soil moisture: is it too wet or too dry? If the soil is too wet, don’t push it. You can cause compaction, smear the sidewall of the seed trench and even cause the seed to rot and die. These effects will impact the rest of your season.
If the field is dry, consider increasing planting depth to reach more moisture. Corn kernels must absorb approximately 30% of their weight in water before germination begins. Less than optimum water volume can slow or stop germination.
Equally important to moisture presence is moisture consistency. If it’s not spatially consistent at seed depth, it can cause uneven germination, which leads to uneven emergence. Uneven soil moisture in the seed zone can be caused by a number of factors, but the number one culprit is uneven planting depth.
2. Pay close attention to soil temperature.
Planting at a suitable soil temperature is critical, especially for corn. You should be aiming for 50 F. If you plant corn at too cold a temperature, you run the risk of imbibitional chilling.
When corn seeds imbibe (take up) water, cell membranes stretch and cells expand. When water around 39 F is absorbed, it can cause membrane damage, which often results in the leakage of cell solutes and sugars. This, in turn, is likely to reduce growth rate and interfere with the emerging seedling’s development.
Debate exists about what specific temperature and timing causes imbibitional chilling. However, corn plants that imbibe cold water in the low 40s in the first 48 hours after planting undoubtedly are affected. Planting when soil temperatures are above 50 F alleviates concerns of imbibitional chilling affecting corn emergence.
For best results, begin planting corn when soil temperatures are in the high 40s and the short-term forecast calls for warm days that will continue pushing soil temperatures higher. If soil temperatures are in the high 40s and the weather forecast calls for cold, wet conditions within the next 48 hours, that will likely reduce soil temperatures, so refrain from planting.
In soybeans, the seed is most susceptible to imbibitional chilling in the first 24 hours, when the seed takes up water very fast. Therefore, it’s a good idea to plant your soybeans once you are confident soil temperatures won't be cold (less than 50 F) for at least 24 hours. If you planted two or more days before a cold rain, there should be no imbibitional injury due to cold temperatures.
3. Choose your planting depth wisely.
Always check and assess your planter depth. If you have questions about planting depth, please contact your agronomist. Planting too shallow can run you into issues with uneven soil moisture causing uneven emergence and early-season root lodging.
4. Ensure good seed-to-soil contact,
For adequate moisture to be held and maintained around the seed, soil must be firmed around it. This helps ensure seeds are able to evenly absorb moisture and emerge uniformly. Planting at proper soil moisture, temperature and depth all support good seed-to-soil contact, while open planter furrows, trash in the seed furrow, or cloddy seedbeds can diminish it.
5. Use starter fertilizers and plant growth regulators.
Especially in soybeans, earlier planting dates tend to correlate to higher yields, so growers tend to push the planting window earlier and earlier. This can be good because it allows the plants to capture even more sunlight, and we can use later maturity hybrids and varieties that tend to yield more. However, additional cautions should be taken because this also brings additional risks.
When evaluating whether a field is ready for planting, the first thing you should consider is soil moisture: is it too wet or too dry? If the soil is too wet, don’t push it. You can cause compaction, smear the sidewall of the seed trench and even cause the seed to rot and die. These effects will impact the rest of your season.
If the field is dry, consider increasing planting depth to reach more moisture. Corn kernels must absorb approximately 30% of their weight in water before germination begins. Less than optimum water volume can slow or stop germination.
Equally important to moisture presence is moisture consistency. If it’s not spatially consistent at seed depth, it can cause uneven germination, which leads to uneven emergence. Uneven soil moisture in the seed zone can be caused by a number of factors, but the number one culprit is uneven planting depth.
2. Pay close attention to soil temperature.
Planting at a suitable soil temperature is critical, especially for corn. You should be aiming for 50 F. If you plant corn at too cold a temperature, you run the risk of imbibitional chilling.
When corn seeds imbibe (take up) water, cell membranes stretch and cells expand. When water around 39 F is absorbed, it can cause membrane damage, which often results in the leakage of cell solutes and sugars. This, in turn, is likely to reduce growth rate and interfere with the emerging seedling’s development.
Debate exists about what specific temperature and timing causes imbibitional chilling. However, corn plants that imbibe cold water in the low 40s in the first 48 hours after planting undoubtedly are affected. Planting when soil temperatures are above 50 F alleviates concerns of imbibitional chilling affecting corn emergence.
For best results, begin planting corn when soil temperatures are in the high 40s and the short-term forecast calls for warm days that will continue pushing soil temperatures higher. If soil temperatures are in the high 40s and the weather forecast calls for cold, wet conditions within the next 48 hours, that will likely reduce soil temperatures, so refrain from planting.
In soybeans, the seed is most susceptible to imbibitional chilling in the first 24 hours, when the seed takes up water very fast. Therefore, it’s a good idea to plant your soybeans once you are confident soil temperatures won't be cold (less than 50 F) for at least 24 hours. If you planted two or more days before a cold rain, there should be no imbibitional injury due to cold temperatures.
3. Choose your planting depth wisely.
Always check and assess your planter depth. If you have questions about planting depth, please contact your agronomist. Planting too shallow can run you into issues with uneven soil moisture causing uneven emergence and early-season root lodging.
4. Ensure good seed-to-soil contact,
For adequate moisture to be held and maintained around the seed, soil must be firmed around it. This helps ensure seeds are able to evenly absorb moisture and emerge uniformly. Planting at proper soil moisture, temperature and depth all support good seed-to-soil contact, while open planter furrows, trash in the seed furrow, or cloddy seedbeds can diminish it.
5. Use starter fertilizers and plant growth regulators.
Especially in soybeans, earlier planting dates tend to correlate to higher yields, so growers tend to push the planting window earlier and earlier. This can be good because it allows the plants to capture even more sunlight, and we can use later maturity hybrids and varieties that tend to yield more. However, additional cautions should be taken because this also brings additional risks.